Unmasking deviance: How control, opportunity, and self-regulation shape criminal behaviour?

Abstract

The relationship between individual personality traits and criminal behaviour is well established across various fields. Offenders are often more likely than others to engage in crime when exposed to problematic situations. However, differences in individual control within social contexts may explain varying levels of deviance. This theoretical review aims to identify key variables that lead to behavioural imbalance and deviant actions. Relevant literature on behavioural control and deviance was analysed. The findings indicate that five main variables influence deviant behaviour. First is the level of control, reflecting a person’s ability to anticipate correct behaviour and avoid deviance. Second is opportunity, linked to one's role, appearance, intelligence, and social connections. Third are restrictions and motives, where restrictions stem from social values and motives arise from family or societal persecution. Fourth is the causal sequence, meaning repeated psychological or social shocks that push individuals toward deviance. Fifth is self-control, shaped during childhood through experiences of discrimination or lack of safety. These factors are critical indicators that may predispose individuals to criminal activity. This study offers a theoretical base for future research and guidance for institutions aiming to develop behaviour-modifying social policies.